These advancements revolutionized ancient DNA (aDNA) research and, more broadly, ushered in the era of genomics nearly overnight ( 92, 140). The key turning point was the availability of high-throughput sequencing (HTS), a transformative innovation in DNA sequencing ( 114, 115), and sequence capture enrichment methods ( 16, 20, 62, 75)-two techniques that increased both sample throughput and data output by orders of magnitude. Other ancient microbial genome sequences quickly followed, including those from other plague epidemics ( 14, 47, 158, 178, 192) and additional pathogens, such as Mycobacterium leprae ( 170), Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( 13), Tannerella forsythia ( 196), Brucella melitensis ( 85), and Helicobacter pylori ( 112). In 2011, the first fully reconstructed ancient bacterial genome sequence was published-that of Yersinia pestis-which confirmed at least one of the etiological agents of the Black Death pandemic ( 16) and put to rest years of controversy that had dogged polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based attempts to identify the pathogen in archaeological samples ( 41, 57, 58, 154, 155).
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